Exploratory study on neurochemical effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in brains of mice

Abstract

There is now a relatively large body of evidence suggesting a relationship between dysfunction of myelin and oligodendrocytes and the etiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and schizophrenia, and also suggesting that ultrasound methods may alleviate some of the symptoms of depression. We have applied low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) to the brains of mice treated with the demyelinating drug cuprizone, a drug that has been used as the basis for a rodent model relevant to a number of psychiatric and neurologic disorders including depression, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis. Prior to conducting the studies in mice, preliminary studies were carried out on the effects of LIPUS in vitro in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells and primary glial cells. In subsequent studies in mice, female C57BL/6 mice were restrained in plastic tubes for 20 min daily with the ultrasound transducer near the end of the tube directly above the mouse's head. LIPUS was used at an intensity of 25 mW/cm 2 once daily for 22 days in control mice and in mice undergoing daily repetitive restraint stress (RRS). Behavioral or neurochemical studies were done on the mice or the brain tissue obtained from them. The studies in vitro indicated that LIPUS stimulation at an intensity of 15 mW/cm 2 delivered for 5 min daily for 3 days in an enclosed sterile cell culture plate in an incubator increased the viability of SH-SY5Y and primary glial cells. In the studies in mice, LIPUS elevated levels of doublecortin, a marker for neurogenesis, in the cortex compared to levels in the RRS mice and caused a trend in elevation of brain levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus relative to control levels. LIPUS also increased sucrose preference (a measure of the attenuation of anhedonia, a common symptom of several psychiatric disorders) in the RRS model in mice. The ability of LIPUS administered daily to rescue damaged myelin and oligodendrocytes was studied in mice treated chronically with cuprizone for 35 days. LIPUS increased cortex and corpus callosum levels of myelin basic protein, a protein marker for mature oligodendrocytes, and neural/glial antigen 2, a protein marker for oligodendrocyte precursor cells, relative to levels in the cuprizone + sham animals. These results of this exploratory study suggest that future comprehensive time-related studies with LIPUS on brain chemistry and behavior related to neuropsychiatric disorders are warranted. Exploratory Study on Neurochemical Effects of Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound in Brains of Mice. Upper part of figure: LIPUS device and in-vitro cell experimental set-up. The center image is the LIPUS generating box; the image in the upper left shows the cell experiment set-up; the image in the upper right shows a zoomed-in sketch for the cell experiment; the image in the lower left shows the set-up of repetitive restraint stress (RRS) with a mouse; the image in the lower middle shows the set-up of LIPUS treatment of a mouse; the image in the lower right shows a zoomed-in sketch for the LIPUS treatment of a mouse.

Abstract via europepmc.

Flags from extraction

• n_subjects — Different assays (SPT, western blot, IHC) report different, partly overlapping group sizes (e.g. n=8-9, n=4-6, n=3-4 per group) across the RRS and cuprizone experiments; no single total number of ultrasound-exposed animals is stated.
• n_sessions_per_subject — 22 daily sessions applies to the RRS/control experiment (abstract); the cuprizone experiment used daily LIPUS for the 5-week (35-day) cuprizone feeding period, a different session count.
• exposures[2].timing.sonication_duration_s — 20 min/day is stated for both the RRS and cuprizone in vivo experiments; total number of days differs between experiments (22 vs ~35) though sonication_duration_s refers to daily session length only.
• direction_of_effect — Study reports molecular/neurotrophic and behavioral (anhedonia) outcomes rather than direct measures of neural excitability, so excitatory/inhibitory classification does not apply cleanly.
• exposures[0].target.terms — SH-SY5Y is a neuroblastoma cell line, not primary cultured neurons; no exact vocabulary term exists, so 'other' is used.