Dashboard
812
papers
1,115
exposures
227
human studies
4,704
human participants
10,296
animals
2026.10.0
archive version
2026-10-29
last built
An exposure is one anatomical target sonicated at one fundamental frequency. Papers with several targets contribute several exposures. Subject totals sum the paper-level n, excluding papers where n isn’t reported.
Papers per year
Original ultrasound exposures of neural tissue with the intent to modulate function, from 2010 onwards.
How often each parameter is reported
- Fundamental frequency (kHz)97 %
- Sonication duration (s)94 %
- Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)89 %
- Pulse duration (ms)71 %
- Duty cycle (%)70 %
- Pressure, any domain (kPa)56 %
- Isppa, any domain (W/cm²)55 %
- Ispta, any domain (W/cm²)47 %
- In-situ Isppa (W/cm²)27 %
- Free-field pressure (kPa)26 %
- In-situ pressure (kPa)26 %
- Free-field Isppa (W/cm²)26 %
- In-situ Ispta (W/cm²)24 %
- Free-field Ispta (W/cm²)20 %
Top journals
- Brain Stimulation78
- Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology43
- Journal of Neural Engineering35
- IEEE TBME28
- IEEE TNSRE27
- Nature Communications27
- Scientific Reports26
- Frontiers in Neuroscience18
- IEEE TUFFC18
- Cerebral Cortex15
Model system
- rodent435
- human healthy156
- human patient78
- in vitro cell74
- ex vivo tissue51
- nonhuman primate41
- large animal20
- invertebrate16
- other vertebrate7
Target region
Top-level region of each exposure’s target.
- frontal lobe236
- hippocampal formation118
- tissue preparation108
- thalamus92
- peripheral nerve90
- parietal lobe72
- basal ganglia69
- other54
- cingulate cortex47
- occipital lobe39
- cerebral cortex31
- brainstem30
- whole brain or unfocused27
- temporal lobe26
Readouts
- behaviour380
- histology molecular316
- invasive electrophysiology211
- emg mep120
- cellular imaging106
- eeg meg103
- other mri94
- fmri88
- clinical scale76
- other69
- autonomic physiology55
- cerebral haemodynamics52
Devices
- custom-built265
- Sonic Concepts196
- other named manufacturer185
- Olympus / Panametrics157
- not reported75
- NeuroFUS75
- BrainSonix43
- Ultran37
- IGT / Imasonic27
- Blatek20
- Insightec11
- Mettler9
Waveform
- pulsed905
- continuous160
- theta burst47
- not reported38
- other patterned18
Direction of effect
- excitatory312
- mixed or unclear158
- inhibitory150
- not assessed94
- bidirectional79
- no effect19
Conditions
- healthy536
- other71
- chronic pain38
- stroke36
- alzheimers disease36
- epilepsy35
- depression29
- parkinsons disease27
- substance use disorder14
- traumatic brain injury13
- systemic inflammation9
- anxiety9
Sham and control
- inactive transducer304
- none257
- undescribed103
- active control site102
- no treatment control89
- sound only17
- unfocused or detuned14
- other12