Dashboard
478
papers
699
exposures
152
human studies
3,157
human participants
5,587
animals
2026.09.0
archive version
2026-09-24
last built
An exposure is one anatomical target sonicated at one fundamental frequency. Papers with several targets contribute several exposures. Subject totals sum the paper-level n, excluding papers where n isn’t reported.
Papers per year
Original ultrasound exposures of neural tissue with the intent to modulate function, from 2010 onwards.
The current year is incomplete.
How often each parameter is reported
Share of exposures whose paper states the value in its main text.
- Fundamental frequency (kHz)98 %
- Sonication duration (s)93 %
- Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)90 %
- Pulse duration (ms)73 %
- Duty cycle (%)70 %
- Pressure, any domain (kPa)54 %
- Isppa, any domain (W/cm²)54 %
- Ispta, any domain (W/cm²)48 %
- Free-field pressure (kPa)29 %
- In-situ Isppa (W/cm²)28 %
- Free-field Isppa (W/cm²)28 %
- In-situ pressure (kPa)27 %
- In-situ Ispta (W/cm²)26 %
- Free-field Ispta (W/cm²)22 %
Model system
- rodent234
- human healthy102
- human patient50
- in vitro cell50
- ex vivo tissue36
- nonhuman primate28
- invertebrate12
- large animal12
- other vertebrate7
Target region
Top-level region of each exposure’s target.
- frontal lobe148
- thalamus66
- tissue preparation65
- peripheral nerve64
- hippocampal formation57
- parietal lobe46
- other41
- basal ganglia41
- cingulate cortex33
- occipital lobe29
- whole brain or unfocused21
- invertebrate nervous system20
- brainstem15
- insular cortex15
Readouts
- behaviour217
- histology molecular185
- invasive electrophysiology116
- emg mep79
- cellular imaging76
- eeg meg67
- fmri59
- other mri55
- clinical scale41
- autonomic physiology36
- other21
- cerebral haemodynamics18
Devices
- custom-built193
- Sonic Concepts146
- other named manufacturer103
- Olympus / Panametrics89
- NeuroFUS39
- Ultran28
- not reported24
- BrainSonix20
- IGT / Imasonic19
- Blatek12
- Insightec10
- Mettler5
Waveform
- pulsed562
- continuous114
- theta burst36
- not reported20
- other patterned3
Direction of effect
- excitatory207
- inhibitory104
- mixed or unclear56
- bidirectional54
- not assessed48
- no effect9
Conditions
- healthy330
- other33
- depression26
- chronic pain24
- epilepsy17
- stroke16
- alzheimers disease16
- parkinsons disease16
- substance use disorder7
- systemic inflammation6
- traumatic brain injury4
- anxiety4
Sham and control
- inactive transducer189
- none176
- active control site60
- undescribed55
- no treatment control16
- sound only11
- unfocused or detuned10
- other7