THE EFFECT OF HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES ON HEART MUSCLE AND OTHER IRRITABLE TISSUES
E. Newton Harvey
American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content 1929 · 10.1152/ajplegacy.1929.91.1.284
Exposures
Exposure 1: Turtle and frog heart (auricle and quiescent ventricle) immersed in Ringer's solution
Target: other — “heart muscle (auricle and ventricle) of turtle and frog”
Device: custom-built
| Waveform | continuous | |
|---|---|---|
| Fundamental frequency (kHz) | 340 | ✓✓✓ |
| Pulse duration (ms) | not applicable | |
| Pulse repetition frequency (Hz) | not applicable | |
| Duty cycle (%) | not applicable | |
| Sonication duration (s) | not reported |
| Free-field pressure (kPa) | 2,027 | ✓✓✓ |
|---|---|---|
| Free-field Isppa (W/cm²) | not reported | |
| Free-field Ispta (W/cm²) | not reported | |
| In-situ estimate | not applicable | |
| In-situ pressure (kPa) | not applicable | |
| In-situ Isppa (W/cm²) | not applicable | |
| In-situ Ispta (W/cm²) | not applicable |
A 2 kilowatt oscillator drove a quartz crystal tuned to 340 kc, transmitting the vibration via oil to a Ringer's-solution bath containing the preparation; a rheostat controlled intensity by varying the crystal voltage, but the paper states that quantitative intensity values cannot be given because they depend on many uncontrollable factors. Exposure was applied and removed by hand while the preparation's response was recorded on a kymograph.
Exposure 2: Frog sciatic nerve/gastrocnemius muscle and turtle neck/leg muscle immersed in Ringer's solution
Target: sciatic nerve — “sciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle (frog); neck and leg skeletal muscle (turtle)”
Device: custom-built
| Waveform | continuous | |
|---|---|---|
| Fundamental frequency (kHz) | 340 | ✓✓✓ |
| Pulse duration (ms) | not applicable | |
| Pulse repetition frequency (Hz) | not applicable | |
| Duty cycle (%) | not applicable | |
| Sonication duration (s) | not reported |
| Free-field pressure (kPa) | 2,027 | ✓✓✓ |
|---|---|---|
| Free-field Isppa (W/cm²) | not reported | |
| Free-field Ispta (W/cm²) | not reported | |
| In-situ estimate | not applicable | |
| In-situ pressure (kPa) | not applicable | |
| In-situ Isppa (W/cm²) | not applicable | |
| In-situ Ispta (W/cm²) | not applicable |
A 2 kilowatt oscillator drove a quartz crystal tuned to 340 kc, transmitting the vibration via oil to a Ringer's-solution bath containing the preparation; a rheostat controlled intensity by varying the crystal voltage, but the paper states that quantitative intensity values cannot be given because they depend on many uncontrollable factors. Exposure was applied and removed by hand while the preparation's response was recorded on a kymograph.
Exposure 3: Smooth muscle of frog stomach and turtle intestine immersed in Ringer's solution
Target: other — “smooth muscle of stomach (frog) and intestine (turtle)”
Device: custom-built
| Waveform | continuous | |
|---|---|---|
| Fundamental frequency (kHz) | 340 | ✓✓✓ |
| Pulse duration (ms) | not applicable | |
| Pulse repetition frequency (Hz) | not applicable | |
| Duty cycle (%) | not applicable | |
| Sonication duration (s) | not reported |
| Free-field pressure (kPa) | 2,027 | ✓✓✓ |
|---|---|---|
| Free-field Isppa (W/cm²) | not reported | |
| Free-field Ispta (W/cm²) | not reported | |
| In-situ estimate | not applicable | |
| In-situ pressure (kPa) | not applicable | |
| In-situ Isppa (W/cm²) | not applicable | |
| In-situ Ispta (W/cm²) | not applicable |
A 2 kilowatt oscillator drove a quartz crystal tuned to 340 kc, transmitting the vibration via oil to a Ringer's-solution bath containing the preparation; a rheostat controlled intensity by varying the crystal voltage, but the paper states that quantitative intensity values cannot be given because they depend on many uncontrollable factors. Exposure was applied and removed by hand while the preparation's response was recorded on a kymograph.
Flags from extraction
exposures[0].unspecified_domain.pressure_kpa— Value converted from the paper's order-of-magnitude estimate ('+20 to -20 atmospheres') for the fluid carrying the most intense waves used anywhere in the study; not a value measured or specified for this particular tissue, and the domain (Ringer's solution coupled via oil/glass/brass) is not explicitly free-field or in-situ.exposures[1].unspecified_domain.pressure_kpa— Value converted from the paper's order-of-magnitude estimate ('+20 to -20 atmospheres') for the fluid carrying the most intense waves used anywhere in the study; not a value measured or specified for this particular tissue, and the domain (Ringer's solution coupled via oil/glass/brass) is not explicitly free-field or in-situ.exposures[2].unspecified_domain.pressure_kpa— Value converted from the paper's order-of-magnitude estimate ('+20 to -20 atmospheres') for the fluid carrying the most intense waves used anywhere in the study; not a value measured or specified for this particular tissue, and the domain (Ringer's solution coupled via oil/glass/brass) is not explicitly free-field or in-situ.n_subjects— Paper states 'eight hearts in all investigated' for the cardiac experiments but gives no aggregate subject count across the separate nerve/muscle and smooth-muscle experiments (including one curarized frog), so a total is not reported.subject_unit— Preparations mix excised hearts, excised/immersed nerve-muscle preparations, and one intact curarized frog leg; 'preparation' is used as an approximation.exposures[1].target.terms— Paper attributes the (weak) twitching response to the nerve rather than the muscle (curarization abolished it), but the preparation is the sciatic-nerve-innervated gastrocnemius muscle as a whole; also includes turtle neck/leg muscle tested the same way.